April 10, 2025
Learn more about the world of bioplastics, their types, benefits, challenges, and how they are revolutionizing industries with sustainable solutions.
In the recent years, the push towards sustainability has brought bioplastics into the spotlight as an alternative to 100% fossil fuel-based plastics. In the United States, the bioplastics market is projected to reach a revenue of $10.6 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 18.8% from 2023.
Bioplastics, which include biodegradable and non-biodegradable options, are increasingly being integrated into various industries such as packaging, agriculture and consumer goods.
But what exactly are bioplastic? What are the differences between them and what benefits do they offer?
What Are Bioplastics?
As their name suggests, bioplastics are often entirely or partially derived from renewable biological sources rather than fossil fuels. They can be crafted from natural materials, including cornstarch, sugarcane, and cellulose, showcasing their versatility and potential in various industries. Bioplastics are often categorized into two main types:
- Biobased
- Compostable/biodegradable
Biobased, Biodegradable, and Compostable Plastics: A Comparison
Biobased Plastics: These are made from renewable biological sources like plants. They can be compostable, biodegradable, recycled, or non-compostable/biodegradable. The key benefit is their reduced reliance on fossil fuels.
Biodegradable Plastics: These plastics, whether made from renewable or fossil-based materials, have a unique feature. They can break down naturally, thanks to the action of microorganisms. However, the term ‘biodegradable’ does not specify the conditions or timeframe for degradation.
Compostable Plastics: These are a subset of biodegradable plastics that break down into non-toxic components under specific composting conditions, typically in industrial composting facilities. Compostable plastics must meet certain standards, such as ASTM D6400, to ensure they decompose within a set timeframe in home or industrial composting settings.
How Are Bioplastics Made?
The production of bioplastics involves several processes, depending on the type of bioplastic being produced. For example, polylactic acid (PLA), a common bioplastic, is made through fermentation, which involves fermenting sugars from plants like corn or sugarcane to produce lactic acid. It is then polymerized to create PLA.
In addition to the core steps of bioplastic production, several advanced processes can further enhance the properties and applications of bioplastics. These additional processes allow for customization and improvement of bioplastic materials, making them suitable for a wider range of uses and increasing their performance and durability.
Bioplastics can be produced partially or up to 100% from renewable sources. Resins, such as Polyamide 11, are nearly 100% renewable, while resins, such as Polyamide 410, may only be partially biobased. It is important to understand that a biobased resin may not be 100% biobased, so accurate claims are made when marketing end-use products.
Compounding
Compounding involves mixing the bioplastic polymer with various additives and colors to enhance its properties. Additives can improve flexibility, strength, color, UV resistance, and other characteristics, tailoring the bioplastic for specific applications. These compounded pellets are then used in a further process to form final parts.
Injection Molding
This process involves melting the bioplastic and injecting it into molds to form specific shapes. Injection molding allows for quickly creating complex and precise shapes, such as bottles, containers, and automotive parts, with repeated motions and injections.
Blown film
Blown film is a process in which molten bioplastics are forced through a tubular die, vertically stretched, and cooled. The film products are used for bags, agricultural films, and packaging, among many other uses.
Additive Manufacturing
This advanced technique combines science and art by using either a robotic arm or a gantry-style 3DP system to print simple or complex parts. This works by melting plastic and depositing layers of material to form a part, which can then either be used as is or go through a post-processing step such as machining or finishing.
Fiber
The fiber process includes processing melted bioplastics through a die with small holes to form either a monofilament or multifilament fiber. This material is then used for final material construction or use, such as fishing lines, carpeting, apparel, and other uses.
What Are the Benefits of Bioplastics?
Bioplastics have gained attention as a sustainable alternative to traditional plastics. They offer several environmental benefits, including:
- Reduced Carbon Footprint: They can have a lower carbon footprint than traditional plastics.
- Compostable/Biodegradability: Some bioplastics can break down under the right conditions, reducing plastic waste in landfills and oceans.
- Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels: Bioplastics help decrease our reliance on finite fossil fuels by using renewable resources.
- Versatility: Bioplastics can be used in various applications, from packaging and agriculture to medical devices and consumer goods.
What Are the Challenges of Bioplastics?
Despite the promising advantages of bioplastics, several challenges need to be addressed to facilitate their broader adoption. These challenges span various aspects, from economic factors to infrastructure and public perception. Below are some of the key issues currently facing the bioplastics industry:
- Cost: Bioplastics are generally more expensive than conventional plastics due to the cost of raw materials and production processes.
- Performance: Some bioplastics may not match the durability and versatility of traditional plastics, limiting their use in specific applications. Resin alloys can be utilized to optimize performance and cost.
- Infrastructure: Compostable/biodegradable resins are not generally recyclable, and there is limited infrastructure in the US to fully service the entire country, leading to improper disposal and reduced environmental benefits.
- Feedstock Availability: The production of bioplastics relies on agricultural feedstocks, which can compete with food production and lead to land use issues if not properly managed and controlled.
- Public Perception and Awareness: Consumers still lack awareness and understanding of bioplastics, which can hinder their adoption.
- Marketing Issues: The lack of standardized regulations and certifications for bioplastics can create confusion and make it difficult for manufacturers to market their products.
Applications for Bioplastics
Bioplastics is finding applications across a wide range of industries, offering sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. Their versatility and environmental benefits make them suitable for various uses, including:
- Packaging: Bioplastics make sustainable packaging materials, reducing plastic waste and pollution.
- Agriculture: Biodegradable mulch films and plant pots help reduce agricultural plastic waste.
- Medical: Bioplastics are used in medical applications such as sutures, implants, and drug delivery systems.
- Consumer Goods: Items like disposable cutlery, plates, and even toys can be made from bioplastics, offering a more sustainable alternative to traditional plastics.
Techmer PM’s Biobased Materials
Techmer PM, a leading materials design company, has been at the forefront of developing innovative biobased materials. Their commitment to sustainability is evident in their range of biobased and compostable resins. Techmer PM’s biobased materials are designed to meet the growing demand for sustainable solutions in various industries, including packaging, agriculture, and consumer goods.
In our 2024 Sustainability Report, Techmer PM highlighted its advancements in sustainable technologies, including developing an upcycling of biobased resins. Our efforts in integrating sustainable practices and materials into its product offerings demonstrate its dedication to environmental stewardship and innovation.
Bioplastics represent a significant step towards a more sustainable future. By reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and offering compostable/biodegradable options, bioplastics have the potential to reduce the environmental impact of traditional plastics.